Volcano eruption: what to know and how to stay safe

Volcano eruptions can be sudden and violent, or slow and predictable. If you live near a volcano or plan to travel to volcanic areas in Africa, knowing the basics can save lives. This guide gives simple, practical steps: how eruptions start, the warning signs to watch, what ash does to your health, and clear actions to take before, during and after an event.

How eruptions start and what to watch for

Eruptions happen when magma, gas and pressure find a route to the surface. Common triggers include rising magma, earthquakes, and built-up gas pressure. You don’t need to be a scientist to notice warning signs. Increased small earthquakes, rumbling sounds, gas smells, unusually warm ground, or steam and ash plumes are red flags. Local authorities and volcano observatories often track these signs. If you hear alerts or see unusual ground activity, treat it seriously.

Seismic activity is one of the most reliable signals. A sudden rise in small quakes near a volcano usually means magma is moving. Ground deformation — the land bulging or tilting — can also indicate rising pressure. Communities near active volcanoes should follow alerts from national geological services and join local warning systems if available.

What to do during and after a volcano eruption

If an eruption is likely or has started, follow evacuation orders immediately. Don’t wait for visible lava; ash and gas can be deadly. Keep an emergency kit with water, masks (N95 if possible), goggles, a radio, flashlights, and important documents in a waterproof bag. Close windows and doors to keep ash out. If you must go outside, wear long sleeves, long pants, sturdy shoes, and a mask to reduce breathing ash.

Ashfall can collapse roofs, clog engines and contaminate water. Avoid driving unless necessary — ash reduces visibility and damages vehicles. If your car is exposed, keep speed low and use headlights. After the eruption, wait for official all-clear notices before returning. Test water and food supplies before use and clean ash from roofs safely — small crews removing ash should wear protection and work in short shifts to avoid heat and dust exposure.

Check on neighbours, especially the elderly and those with breathing problems. Ash particles aggravate asthma and other lung conditions. Pets and livestock need shelter and clean water too. Report any gas leaks or fires to emergency services immediately.

Monitoring and preparedness are your best tools. Learn evacuation routes, sign up for alerts, and know where shelters are. If you visit volcanic sites for hiking or tourism, stick to park rules and local advice. A little planning — a simple kit, a clear plan, and attention to local warnings — makes a big difference when a volcano erupts.